Critical Response Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Response Paper - Assignment Example It is imperative for the country to balance the opinions of the different religions and integrate them in the formation of the government. This is because the relationship between the government and the religion is very fluid; the religion and/or the politics change in response to history and its interpretation. According to Brown-Foster and Goldstein (2010), circumstance and history determines the evolvement of the relationship between the state and the religion. The institutions should be set up in a way that they do not have certain privileges within the constitution but the freedom of worship privately should be given. According to Costopoulous, Diamond and Plattner (2005), religious institutions should not be provided with constitutional privileged prerogatives that permit them to consent public policy within the democratic governments. It is important to note that the political parties will perform the role of mandating the public policy because the religious institutions are not supposed to mandate any public policy. Voting is the only way to offer transparency within the government and the political parties have the mandate of voting in their favorite

Price Check on Aisle Essay Example for Free

Price Check on Aisle Essay Price ceilings are usually government policies and limits that intend to save consumers from being charged too high a price. This generally means to limit and control how high a price for a product can go. If price ceilings are not present, the suppliers will set prices extremely high for necessities which then become too expensive to be affordable. Suppliers know that no matter what, the items that are necessary will be bought by customers no matter what; this gives them a chance to charge high prices and get revenue, but price ceilings by governments are what protect the customers in such situations. However, they should not go unchecked, as changes and shifts are very important based on then currently market realities. An effective price ceiling is usually below the equilibrium point; otherwise it is pointless as customers would pay the price at equilibrium which is higher than the price ceiling. Price Floors: Price floors are the opposite of price ceilings – this is the control that is brought about by either government, or cartels and groups that are formed to sell the product as a coalition with quotas. This checks how low a price can go; prices when reduce, should not reduce below this line for a certain product. In order for price floors to play the role that they are intended to play; that is, the price should not be extremely low or else the demand increases but nobody is interested in the production; the price floor should be above the equilibrium price. This means that there is a surplus of production and the demand is lesser than that at equilibrium because customers do not want to pay a higher price than that of the equilibrium; but at the same time, more producers are willing to manufacture this particular product. As a Renter: Usually, the landlords have a habit of overcharging tenants; reason being the difficulty and shortage of houses available in the same range at one point in time. In such cases, the government sets a price ceiling; which means that the tenant can be charged a price that does not go above that particular ceiling. This benefits somebody as a renter to be saved from very high rent expenses. This is normally the case with students, bachelors and people leading single lives and providing for them. In cases of students, there is a charge for living in dorms but that charge is as low as possible (minimum). As a Student: A student normally does not have a lot of money to spend on rent, tuition fee, daily expenses and transportation etc. This is usually a lot of a student to bear, especially when there is a lack of financial support from family. As a student, it is almost critical to be able ton get books and stationery and photocopies and general every day expenses. As a student, it becomes very difficult to pay for such basic things all the time; these basic things are actually necessities. Therefore, price ceilings are present in cases of necessities to make sure that not a very high price is charged for this. These ceilings are usually below the equilibrium point or else they become ineffective; because otherwise, if the price ceiling would be above the equilibrium price then this would show that despite the fact that the government has set a maximum price, the market is working at a price below that. Naturally, in this case, the demand is higher than the supply. As an Employee: Labors works in a way where employees are suppliers of labor and the organizations/producers are consumers of it for manufacturing. Equilibrium prices in this case are always a problem because the employees want a higher pay and the organizations want to pay as low as possible. There are times, mostly, when the producers exploit the employees by not hiring them unless they agree to a lower price – stricken by unemployment, most of these laborers agree to these low prices and work. However, this is unfair on the laborers; because if there is just one employer in a specific region, then they are not left with much choice and have to give in to low prices. Therefore, the government sets a minimum wage which is above the equilibrium price so that the laborer can have some advantage. Here, again, the supply is greater than the demand, but it is fair to the employees. But then again, the prices and costs depend on the worker’s competencies, skills and the general market conditions at that point in time. Consequences of Price Ceilings: Price ceilings might seem to be favorable for many parties, but it has its own consequences. Firstly, there is a reduction in quality of the good being provided – even if the product is now being sold at a lower price, but now the producers sell goods of lower quality to cover up for the lost profit margin. Also, this brings in a new phenomenon of black markets; this is where sellers sell at prices lower than the price ceilings illegally. This is illegal, but people who cannot afford higher prices resort to this to fulfill their needs. Black markets ruin the image of a country and disrupts the working of a market and making the statistics of an economy incorrect.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

A wise person once said something to this effect: "Quotes are just another way of masking one's true feelings." I'd tell you the person who wrote it, but I can barely even remember it word for word. It's funny I crossed paths with this quote just days before I was informed I would be speaking at commencement. Someone or something, maybe a higher power, meant for this quote and I to meet. The irony of the whole situation is that the author's quote was turned into a quote, which is most likely the opposite of their intentions. My reasoning for bringing up this situation is simple. When first given the task of writing this speech, I was at a loss for ideas. Mr. Troll told me to begin with a quote or say something profound - a task that was a lot easier said than done. In all honesty, it was such a hard task that it kept me thinking until the night before the speech was due, which is when I actually began working on it. All of a sudden I remembered, "What about that quote that disses quotes!?" Then it hit me - take it and run. Instead of disguising my voice with fancy, long words I don't even understand, I decided to just be me. After all, me is really all I can be. I'm going to make my own quotes with the help from a few so someone can bite from my original thoughts, not vice versa. People kept telling me to find a central topic to focus on and work around. Yeah, I tried that, but of course, it didn't work. So I eventually decided to say whatever came to mind. This is how I came to recite the words, which are now flowing through the complex workings of your inner ears. Freshmen year was a blast. As soon as I walked through the doors of the hallowed halls of Kennedy, I knew all would be fine. Before entering I was told man... ...s not trying to ruin my life or make me hate him, he was only trying to mold me into a successful student. I will forever be grateful to him for doing what he did. Some call it making one tough, others call it tough love, but I call it devotion. He was so devoted to my education that he would not let me slip up. For this, I would like to say thanks. Thanks Vick! I owe you one. In conclusion, I want to say that I hope you take something away from the words I have said. If you do, great, and even if you don't, I'm not worried because it is not the end of the world. To the graduating class of 2003, I have one final tidbit to say: "We made it, and no one can take this day away from us." The very last thing I have to say is, "Thanks Mom! One day I'll be able to invest in you all that you have invested in me. I mean that both financially and emotionally. I love you!" Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address A wise person once said something to this effect: "Quotes are just another way of masking one's true feelings." I'd tell you the person who wrote it, but I can barely even remember it word for word. It's funny I crossed paths with this quote just days before I was informed I would be speaking at commencement. Someone or something, maybe a higher power, meant for this quote and I to meet. The irony of the whole situation is that the author's quote was turned into a quote, which is most likely the opposite of their intentions. My reasoning for bringing up this situation is simple. When first given the task of writing this speech, I was at a loss for ideas. Mr. Troll told me to begin with a quote or say something profound - a task that was a lot easier said than done. In all honesty, it was such a hard task that it kept me thinking until the night before the speech was due, which is when I actually began working on it. All of a sudden I remembered, "What about that quote that disses quotes!?" Then it hit me - take it and run. Instead of disguising my voice with fancy, long words I don't even understand, I decided to just be me. After all, me is really all I can be. I'm going to make my own quotes with the help from a few so someone can bite from my original thoughts, not vice versa. People kept telling me to find a central topic to focus on and work around. Yeah, I tried that, but of course, it didn't work. So I eventually decided to say whatever came to mind. This is how I came to recite the words, which are now flowing through the complex workings of your inner ears. Freshmen year was a blast. As soon as I walked through the doors of the hallowed halls of Kennedy, I knew all would be fine. Before entering I was told man... ...s not trying to ruin my life or make me hate him, he was only trying to mold me into a successful student. I will forever be grateful to him for doing what he did. Some call it making one tough, others call it tough love, but I call it devotion. He was so devoted to my education that he would not let me slip up. For this, I would like to say thanks. Thanks Vick! I owe you one. In conclusion, I want to say that I hope you take something away from the words I have said. If you do, great, and even if you don't, I'm not worried because it is not the end of the world. To the graduating class of 2003, I have one final tidbit to say: "We made it, and no one can take this day away from us." The very last thing I have to say is, "Thanks Mom! One day I'll be able to invest in you all that you have invested in me. I mean that both financially and emotionally. I love you!"

Paul on Grace Essay

The purpose for this paper is to provide historical background on Paul and grace. I will also provide how it is applied to modern times, how it has changed my life as well as my learning goals from this paper on Paul and grace. Paul embraced God’s grace after his conversion and call and informed others about it. He expresses consistently how grace is the solitary reason that salvation is attained. Researches of articles of the subject as well as Paul’s epistles provide evidence of this. According to Paul, â€Å"by grace we are saved,† (Ephesians 2:8). Historical Information About Paul on Grace: There is no doubt that Paul was chosen by God to be the vessel to communicate His good news to others. Cornelius R. Stam a writer for www.bereanbiblesociety.org points out that Paul has more to say about grace than any other writers of the Bible. Stam says, â€Å"The Hebrew equivalent of Paul’s word for grace is found only 68 times in the whole Old Testament (which is nearly twelve times the size of Paul’s epistles) and then not always relating to God’s grace, and never to the dispensation of Grace.† In the four Gospels (nearly twice the size of Paul’s epistles) the word grace (Gr. charis) with its derivatives appears in the original only 13 times. Furthermore, in Paul’s epistles the word grace is nearly always used in association with â€Å"the dispensation of the grace of God.† Paul wrote greatly concerning grace. Each epistle signed by Paul opens with an assertion of grace and peace  "from God our Father and from the Lord Jesus Christ.† Paul’s epistles reveal that we are under grace rather than the law. In them we discover that we are â€Å"justified freely by [God’s] grace† (Rom. 3:24). He also informs us that â€Å"where sin abounded grace did much more abound† (Rom. 5:20). Paul asserts that â€Å"God is able to make all grace abound† to us in order for us to â€Å"abound to every good work† (II Cor. 9:8). â€Å"Grace† is used in the book of Acts 4 times before the raising up of Paul and 12 times afterwards. However, before his raising, the term was not used toward the dispensation of grace or toward salvation by grace. After his conversion is when the word is used often and toward the dispensation of grace and salvation by grace. According to www.gracepoints.com, â€Å"Paul was the first to refer by divine inspiration to â€Å"the dispensation of the grace of God, which is given me to you-ward† (Eph. 3:2), and to â€Å"the ministry which I have received of the Lord Jesus to testify the gospel of the grace of God† (Acts 20:24).† Before Paul, no one had ever mentioned the dispensation or the gospel of the grace of God. Above all, Paul revealed the most important doctrine that concerns our salvation. And that is that â€Å"By grace we are saved† (Eph. 2:8). Ernest L. Martin, Ph.D., asserts in an article that Paul’s definition of grace can be found on II Timothy 2:15 which says, â€Å"Study to show thyself approved unto God, a workman that neededth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.† In other words, we are to divide the Gospel rightly so that there is no confusion among those we teach. Martin, expresses that â€Å"Paul was speaking of the fact that only a remnant of Israelites were then accepting Christ in the proper manner and he said this remnant was by the â€Å"election of grace†. Martin also asserts that from Paul he understood that salvation requires no works of a man. This seems strange at first, but it is until one reads II Timothy 1:9 that it makes sense. II Timothy 1:9 â€Å"Who [God] hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not ac cording to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began.† †Paul is emphatic in stating that his ministry is a product of grace; he explains that his ministry is ‘according to the gift of grace which given to me according to the working of His power† Eph 3:7. The notion that Paul’s ministry is due to God’s grace is confirmed by his saying, ‘But I labored more than them all, and yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me†1 Cor 15:9-10,† www.embracehisgrace.com . In I Cor. 15:10 Paul says, â€Å"by the grace of God I am what I am. As stated before, Paul had loads to say on the subject of grace. Paul acknowledged how important grace was especially concerning his salvation. He wished grace upon the recipients of his letters at the start of his epistles as a means of letting them know he was wishing or praying good health upon them (Rediscovering Paul An Introduction to His World, Letters and Theology pg. 58)All of his epistles are proof of that. They not only affected his time as they affect contemporary life as well. Application to Contemporary Life: For Christians, Paul’s words on grace are applied in contemporary life as a reminder of how we are saved and just how good God is. The apostle Paul insists that salvation is given to us only by grace. For us to have perfect righteousness by our good works is impossible. It is Christ’s good works that count. According to www.askelm.com, â€Å"God gives us salvation by grace as a gift.† In his letter to Ephesus, Paul said, â€Å"For by grace are you saved through faith; and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God: not of works lest any man should boast,† (Ephesians 2:8). The website also explains how grace and works are completely opposites. â€Å"Rewards come by the practice of works, but mercy comes by the application of grace.† Grace is a wholesome gift that is freely given. God gives it to us constantly, especially when we deserve the total opposite. Conversely, the law is always associated with works and deeds. The breaking of law results in wages being paid—the wages of death (Romans 6:32). As Paul said, â€Å"the law entered, that the offence [sin] might abound, but where sin abounded, grace did much more abound† (Romans 5:20). No matter how much believers mess up, God’s grace frees them from its severe penalties. No matter the good deed people try to do to make things better, it is ultimately His grace that overrides it all. Knowing this relieves burdens on the numerous Christians that consistently do wrong. It is knowing how gracious God is that informs them that everything will be okay as He is in control. Christ places salvation at our reach. It is up to us to walk by faith and grab it. Christ did what no man can do and that is maintain a perfect record of righteousness. Therefo re, the Father put Christ as the substitute to account for everyone’s righteousness. He paid the debt of all to God which is why all inherit grace from Him. Once again, to Paul, salvation is exclusively from grace. â€Å"But of him are you in Christ Jesus, who of God is made UNTO US wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption,† (I Cor. 1:30) Through the acceptance of Christ and being in Him, God has made us to be in perfect wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption. He wiped the slate clean that all generations from back then to contemporary times may receive the kingdom of Heaven. According to searchingforgrace.com, Paul went to extreme measures to highlight just how significant and devastating this false teaching was, going so far as to say that it was actually disabling the grace empowered life within them. â€Å"It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery,† (Galatians 5:1-2). This is a reminder as those of today read the Bible of how gracious God is. Specific behaviors, values, or preferences your research has brought you personally: Researching this topic has been a constant reminder of just how amazing God is. Without Him there is no me. Just because we are saved by His grace is no excuse to sin it up just for the fun it. Appreciating God’s grace is the best thing I can do along with do what is right to the best of my ability. There is always room to improve in my life but God’s grace lets me know that He still loves me no matter what. With Him on my side through His grace I know that I can overcome it all. Paul showed how much he valued and appreciated grace as he constantly talked about it and spread the Word to others. God was gracious enough to change Paul’s life for the better and allow him to inform others of the Gospel. He has certainly done the same for me. This is why I do my best to share the Gospel with others as much as I can. Paul reminds me that by His grace I am saved! Personal Learning Goals from Research: My personal goals from this research paper would be to keep the faith and always remember how gracious God is. I must embrace what I’ve learned more. In all that I do I must remember to keep Him first above anyone else. Finally, I must continue to inform others of the Gospel and His grace. Conclusion: In closing, Paul made it clear how valuable God’s grace is. He shared the news with everyone he could. His epistles have served as a constant reminder of this. Knowing of God’s grace and believing in it has changed my life! I can now share the news with others. May it continue to bless others as it has blessed me.

Managerial tasks Essay

A. Every business requires managers to control and execute the business. But the skills required for each individual industry will vary. Here we will study the managerial skills required for a manager of a vending machine business, a housecleaning service and an appliance repair business. Vending Machine business: The markets for such business are targeted to the pedestrians and passersby. The vending machine should have sufficient stock and should be refilled at regular intervals. The manager concerned must have the idea about the demand and supply of the product, have the idea about stock taking and to identify locations with maximum sales. The manager should be mobile in order to verify the potential of each vending machine and identify any shortfall or lacuna. Also, have idea about advertising and marketing at vantage locations. Housecleaning service: The business is more about relationship, because the clients will be repeat customers. The better service you can provide the better business you can generate. The manager should know where to tap customers, should be a good man manager and ensure quality of work. Good PR skill is a must. The manager should also ensure the safety precautions required during house cleaning. Appliance repair business: This business also requires good PR and is based on repeat customers. But, the manager also need to be technically sound, and should have knowledge about repairing the specific range of product. He should be a good man manger, stick to tight schedules and ensure quality service. The manager should keep himself and his team upgraded with the newest technologies and latest changes in the product. It is a technology driven business, which requires lot of excellent technical skill set apart from the basic requirements of marketing and sales.

The Argentine and Ukraine

The Argentine and Ukraine The Argentine and Ukraine The Argentine and Ukraine By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the phrase â€Å"the Argentine†: I often come across the phase the Argentine in older books. People are said to go out to the Argentine for vacation or business. Mostly, these books are by British authors. I cant find any information about why Argentina was once called the Argentine- what does Argentine mean that it would need the definite article? The official name of the country we call Argentina is Repà ºblica or Confederacià ³n Argentina. The country is named for the Rio de la Plata. Plata is the Spanish word for silver. In naming the country, the Latin word for silver, argentum, was chosen instead of the Spanish equivalent. The usual rule in English limits the article to countries whose names are plural or include such words as kingdom and republic. For example: the Central African Republic the Czech Republic the Dominican Republic the United Arab Emirates the United Kingdom the United States An exception to this rule is the country of Gambia. In 1964, the prime minister’s office issued a directive that the country was to be called â€Å"The Gambia† (with a capital T). The reason given was to avoid confusion with newly independent Zambia. Another reader, a US resident but a native of Ukraine, mentions her annoyance at such exchanges as this one: New Acquaintance: Where are you from? New Resident: Ukraine.†¨ New Acquaintance: Oh, the Ukraine. She doesn’t understand why people insist on prefacing Ukraine with an article. Quoted in a BBC article, Oksana Kyzyma of the Embassy of Ukraine in London asserts that Ukraine is both the conventional short and long name of the country. The region was called â€Å"the Ukraine† in English when it was part of the USSR. Then its official name was â€Å"the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.† Now, although parts of the country are reported to be held by Russian forces, Ukraine continues to be known internationally as Ukraine, without an article. Note: Another good reason to leave off the article with Ukraine is the fact that neither the Ukrainian nor the Russian language has a definite article. Of course, many speakers are not going to observe the conventions. One possible explanation for the fact that some countries acquire an unofficial the is that the country name is closely associated with a geographical feature. In English, the names of geographical features such as mountain ranges, island groups, rivers, seas, oceans, and canals are prefaced with the definite article. For example: the Alps the Canaries the Rhà ´ne the Indian Ocean the Suez Canal the Plata Perhaps speakers who say â€Å"the Argentine† associate the country with the river for which it is named. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 10150 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsGrammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

Chester Carlson essays

Chester Carlson essays Chester Carlson, an American physicist and lawyer, will be remembered as the man who invented the photocopier. Thanks to this great man, xerography is now used in companies all over the world. Chester Carlson was born on February 8, 1906, in Seattle, Washington. About one year after he was born, his father became very sick with tuberculosis. He also developed arthritis in his spine. Carlson's father spent most of his life lying in bed, coughing and feeling upset with his poor and sickly life. Not long after he was born, Carlson's family moved from Seattle and stayed a short time at a few places in California, Arizona, Mexico, and finally stayed in San Bernadino, California. It was there that Carlson went to grammar school and high school. Then he went to Riverside Junior College for three years, working and studying at the same time. Then he transferred schools to Advanced Standing at California Institute of Technology and got his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1930. While going to school and working, Carlson became interested in the work of other inventors, especially Edison. As he read about the other successful inventors, he realized that making an invention would be a good way to change his financial situation at home. After Carlson graduated, he started working as a Research Engineer at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. He thought that was boring, so he asked to work in the patent department instead. He liked this new job because he could see a lot of new ideas that were being developed. He became an assistant to a patent attorney for two years, until the Great Depression in 1933, when he was laid off from work. After some time, Carlson found a new job in a patent attorney's office near Wall Street. He worked on patent applications. He served his apprenticeship, then his clerkship there. He then was able to be registered as a patent attorney. Even though he ...

Voice Controlled Computer Technology Essay

Voice Controlled Computer Technology Essay Voice Controlled Computer Technology Essay In the wake of this techno-savvy generation, we bring to market a revolutionary computer product. Most computers in existence can barely use voice controlled mechanism in serving the user, but what we have brought to the people can use voice and help the owner carry out diverse activities through speaking. The traditional over reliance on keys to navigate the web, undertake online search and pose questions expecting answers is taken through a paradigm shift to speaking. IMC bring to the public a new experience in the computer technology and strives to ensure that one gets the value of his money. Consumers are able to access any other relevant information and post enquiries any time through the mail that will be provided. Daily media display will feature in local dailies and top television channels across the world. As a result, ultra-modern approach to information and communication technology is brought to your satisfaction. The Voice Controlled technology in the computer is installed in the other communication gadgets like Smartphones, and this is the similar design in the new brand of computers. The procedure to make this dream realization is exceedingly simple. It will even make the computer more of like a pet by assigning a name to it say, â€Å"Butty†. When one has this feature in the computer, many things can be accomplished at the instant of mere speaking with utmost convenience and high efficiency. This technology is customer focused and more practical to the increasing need of communication in the contemporary society. It is an instant problem solver, and user-friendly thereby certify the general social philosophy of man to provide services to humanity. Adoption of this new technology today will help one get things done without sitting and pressing the computer keyboard. Our essay writers can prepare a custom paper on this topic. Visit and hire the best academic writer starting at $13/page!

Is the pessimistic views of nick sons justified Essay

Is the pessimistic views of nick sons justified - Essay Example The root of this issue centres from, among others, widespread problems inherent in the recruitment of workers in the industries. Existing HRM gaps within the industry have caused a myriad of human resource problems that have ultimately resulted in negative outcomes in labour turnover. Widespread labour problems in the industries is hugely attributable to issues such as poor working and pay conditions, which have long been considered as reasonable, but are now emerging as poor and impractical. The industries typically serve customers who take time out for recreation, which is often spent in travel, lodging, cruises, and amusement parks. In order to serve their customers’ needs effectively, these industries need to maintain a high level of variety of employees, from maintenance staff to customer service representatives. In addition, both industries require massive numbers of employees (Nickson 2013, p. 81). However, the reality of the industries reveals that the industriesâ€⠄¢ labour relations are not up to standard. Compared to other industries, a dwindling number of employees in the tourism and hospitality industries express the desire to continue working for their present employers. The causes of extensive labour turnover in the industries range from insufficient employee supervision and employees having inadequate responsibilities to the repetitiveness of most jobs. This speaks to extensive inefficiencies in the industries’ HRM, which have not only resulted in poor employee engagement, but widespread gaps in labour-related issues within the two industries (Nickson 2013, p. 6). For instance, in an endeavour to streamline their processes, most tourism and hospitality businesses hire additional employees, including seasonal staff, to ensure that each employee concentrates extensively on a single, minute task and executes it within minimal mistakes. Although this HRM strategy may prove effective in enhancing diverse aspects of the services provi ded by the industries’ employees it also enhances employee disengagement in their work. Employees typically require the opportunity to start at the bottom and climb the corporate ladder while also gaining experience. Therefore, repetitiveness is a major demoraliser. A lot is required from businesses in the tourism and hospitality industries to retain their employees. However, their HRM strategies are inefficient, and this contributes significantly to the industries’ unique issue with turnover. However, to be fair, the high labour turnover is not necessarily indicative of a problem with organisational strategies if this is the typical system in which the business operates. Nonetheless, labour turnover becomes a major problem when HR managers are constantly obligated to, without prior notice, rehire and train new employees for positions that the business deemed would be held for the long-term (Nickson 2013, p. 67). This is the problem that typifies the vast majority of t ourism and hospitality businesses. High labour turnover is particularly problematic in developed economies such as the UK where employees are able to acquire alternative employment when dissatisfied by the HR strategies of their present employers. Low pay The tourism and hospitality industries are some of the most successful and highly profitable industries in the economy. This would typically imply that the industries’ employees are highly paid in light of the high profit margins

Justification of Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Justification of Punishment - Essay Example This research will adamantly define the facts surrounding punishment. It is already generally conceptualized that without a reliable way to punish offenders crime would escalate to uncontrollable proportions. This is just one of the reasons for the use of punishment as a penal tool and why it is utilized by the legal system. In conclusion, this research again emphasizes upon the fact that criminal actions can be controlled and minimized with the proper form of punishment. Furthermore, the conclusive evidence at the end of this research defines the fact that, as has been said, punishment is indeed crucial to law enforcement officials in gaining control over crime and maintaining a more peaceful atmosphere for the general public at large. Restorative justice is one idea of how to relate the theory of punishment to the maintenance of legal control over criminal offenders. Although restorative justice in itself has not been shown to minimize crime, it has been helpful in bringing a relative relation between the victim and the offender and what punishments are best suited to fit the criminal actions of an offender as well (Strang 2005). The main difference between this form of justice and conventional methods is the fact that there is more of a mediating process involved to solve the problems leading to crime in the communities rather than focusing solely on the state as the main victim of criminal offenders, such as the conventional method does (Goulding 2005). It has been found that the main goal of restorative justice is to correct the harm within communities that has been caused by criminal actions placed onto them by the offenders. There is still a process of punishment associated with this new area of the judicial process but it is focused on a more humane way of dealing with crime rather than corporal punishment, or other harsher sentencing, etc (Goulding 2005). However, to some in society this is a positive attribute being added to the judicial system and to others (especially law enforcement personnel) it is neglecting the proper way to control and combat crime as there are those in the judicial system that still feel severe punishments are justifiable for certain criminal actions and therefore should be continued in order to properly control crime (Goulding 2005). Nevertheless, restorative justice does have its benefits and it is effectively being used to try and determine what rehabilitative treatment methods are best for preventing offenders from repeating their criminal behavior patterns in society. Also, in regards to punishment and treatment, restorative justice has the offender become a participant in these decisions. The offender is allowed to voice what treatment and punishment that they feel would be the best solution and penalty for their criminal actions. Researchers are defining this as a positive characteristic of this form of justice because there have been hints that allowing the offender to be a part of the justice process in a more active manner can increase the statistics that they will not continue their actions in a repetitive pattern but will rather conform to societal rules depicted by the legal process (Goulding 2005).

HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HR - Essay Example Research on the execution of performance related pay by the OECD, has discovered that mere higher pay does not motivate the majority of staff. Employees are motivated by holism job designing with High Performance Work Practices (HPWP), work which is competent with skill, novel ways of coordinating work, satisfying performance and better employee involvement in the decisions of the organisation. HPWP has the prospective for producing the personality of the employee and output of the organisation. These practices are established on the comprehension that employees are the key of an organisation and so they expect to be treated equitably. Studies prove that the HR systems of high performing companies have several things in common. "High Performance Work Systems" (HPWS) create more job appliers, monitor candidates more efficiently, offer more and improved training, connect pay more openly to performance and provide a more dependable work environment. The vital challenge confronting human resources management is to make available a set of services that is logic in terms of the company's premeditated plan. A tactical plan is the company's sketch of how to match its inner strengths and weakness with outer opportunities and threats so as to uphold a competitive gain. An organisation which has greater involvement and responsibility on the part of employees is said to have implemented a set of management practices of High Performance Work System (HPWS). Bohlander et al (2004, p. 690) defines HPWS as "a specific combination of HR practices, work structures, and processes that maximizes employee knowledge, skill, commitment and flexibility". Barnes (2001, p. 2) states that the notion and thoughts for high performance work systems has conceived its roots from the late twentieth century. It was during this time that the manufacturing industry in America had recognised that global competition had got in and they wanted to reorganize the 'tried and true' manufacturing procedures. Elements of High Performance Working: Figure I showing Elements of a High Performance Work System (Ren Li Zi Yuan Guan Li Ji Chu, 2004) The first element of HPWS is the notion of "increased opportunity to participate in decisions" (Barnes, p. 9) for employees. The capability for an employee to take part in the decision making process is believed to be one of the most important components of an HPWS as it permits the employee to make decisions that affect their instant environment and this in turn affects the whole organization. This contribution results in employees feeling more authorised and in turn leads to a more dedicated workforce, at least in theory. The second element is training. Training helps employees to acquire the required skills to carry out their jobs in a more efficient manner and the chance to presume better responsibility inside an organisation. The third element is employee incentives. Organisations will have to find a way to connect pay with performance. According to Bohlander & Snell (2004, p. 698), if an employee has to focus "on outcomes that are beneficial to themselves and the organization as a whole" then incentive should play an important role. Technology is yet another element which in addition to the 3 elements of involvement, training and incentives, makes up yet another important constituent of modern day HPWS. According to Bohlander &, Snell, (2004, p. 699) "technology does not have to be leading edge technology solutions, but it does

Wells fargo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wells fargo - Assignment Example Among the managers in Fargo Wells is the financial supervisor. This is senior personnel who are charged with lots of important duties and responsibilities in the company such as the development and implementation of policies, analyzing credit and financial data, coordinating the activities and performing any other activity given to them. To ensure that these activities are properly done, the financial supervisor should ensure that he follows the organizational behavior. Since the major goal of the company to satisfy the needs of its clients, the financial supervisor should stick to the culture of ‘One Wells Fargo.’ It is a culture that requires all the employees to adopt a behavior of punctuality, enthusiasm, team play, critical listening and respect at all times. These are sets of organizational behavior that have been put in place by the company to help in guiding its employees to diligently serve its customers and efficiently satisfy their financial needs. In their capacity as a senior management, the financial supervisor needs to conform to the organizational behavior expected of them. For example, the culture of punctuality requires that all employees should come to the office at the expected time and attend all meetings without being late. This is an activity that should be done by the financial supervisor. They need to do it to effectively serve the customers and as a way of motivating other employees to do the same. Meanwhile, the financial supervisor should put the interest of the clients first and serve them with all the honesty and respect they deserve. In conclusion, Fargo Wells has clearly outlined the organizational behavior to be inherited by employees, complied with and passed to the new ones joining the company. So, as a leader, the financial supervisor must follow these behaviors in order to enable the company to achieve its short and long-term goals and

The Owner of Roseland - Jean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Owner of Roseland - Jean - Essay Example A profit à   prendre is the right to go on to someone else's land and acquire natural materials from it and include the right to mine, quarry, fish, and hunt, graze animals or cut turf. It is important for Jean to understand that order to ascertain whether there is a profit a prendre, it is not necessary to show that the relevant right that has been granted gives an appreciable benefit to the dominant land. Gale suggests that the question of whether a right can be a profit depends upon the nature of the right and its relevance to the dominant land. Profit of pasture is an ancient right but still generally claimed today. It is a profit because grazing animals take grass and other plants from the land. This cannot exist as a right to graze an unlimited number of animals as this would wear out a land, and the traditional limit is the maximum number of animals which can be supported through the winter, as mentioned in Mellor v Spaceman, 1669. Unlike an easement, a profit may not be appu rtenant to land, in which case it may be exercised for the personal benefit of its owner. Profit appurtenant can change character. Bettison v Langton, 2001, is the authority of the rule.   In the unregistered land system, a legal profit is enforceable against any purchaser, under the principle that legal rights bind the whole world. However equitable profit has to be registered as a charge through some passages in E. R. Ives Investment v High, 1967, suggest that some equitable profits may be enforceable without registration.  And in  Carr v Lambert  1866, 1 Ex 168, 175 relevancy and couchancy was described as a "measure of the capacity of the land to keep cattle out of artificial or natural produce grown within its limits".

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Assignment 1 - Essay Example Recently, inclusion is seen as a social concept of equality. According to Early Childhood Forum (2003), National Childrens Bureau in UK, "ECF believes inclusion is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down the barriers to participation and belonging." It is a as a process of including ALL children regardless of the condition or experience of a child. Inclusion is a term which expresses commitment to educate each child, to the maximum extent appropriate, in the school and classroom he or she would otherwise attend. All services must be given to the child in the school setting and he or she does not need to go out. The children’s centre I know about seems to adhere to the lower right quadrant of Jenkins (2002) continuum-based model of inclusive education. True enough, the school attempts an inclusive program however, resource allocation hinders true implementation of their goals. The school was originally planned as a preschool for regular children. However, as its reputation as a provider of quality early childhood education, it has likewise attracted parents of special needs children to seek their services to include their children in their program. For some children, they were enrolled initially as toddlers, and as time passed, manifested their special needs, prompting the school administrator to recommend them for professional testing and diagnosis. Like the teachers in Jenkins’ article, the ones in this school were not trained for special education. They were all regular education teachers but had very open hearts for all children, especially those with special needs. As they admitted their lack of training, they agreed to include special needs children in their roster of students on the condition that the parents will coordinate the communication between them and the special education therapists their children go to. At least once a month, there was a multidisciplinary meeting between the teachers and the

The Owner of Roseland - Jean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Owner of Roseland - Jean - Essay Example A profit à   prendre is the right to go on to someone else's land and acquire natural materials from it and include the right to mine, quarry, fish, and hunt, graze animals or cut turf. It is important for Jean to understand that order to ascertain whether there is a profit a prendre, it is not necessary to show that the relevant right that has been granted gives an appreciable benefit to the dominant land. Gale suggests that the question of whether a right can be a profit depends upon the nature of the right and its relevance to the dominant land. Profit of pasture is an ancient right but still generally claimed today. It is a profit because grazing animals take grass and other plants from the land. This cannot exist as a right to graze an unlimited number of animals as this would wear out a land, and the traditional limit is the maximum number of animals which can be supported through the winter, as mentioned in Mellor v Spaceman, 1669. Unlike an easement, a profit may not be appu rtenant to land, in which case it may be exercised for the personal benefit of its owner. Profit appurtenant can change character. Bettison v Langton, 2001, is the authority of the rule.   In the unregistered land system, a legal profit is enforceable against any purchaser, under the principle that legal rights bind the whole world. However equitable profit has to be registered as a charge through some passages in E. R. Ives Investment v High, 1967, suggest that some equitable profits may be enforceable without registration.  And in  Carr v Lambert  1866, 1 Ex 168, 175 relevancy and couchancy was described as a "measure of the capacity of the land to keep cattle out of artificial or natural produce grown within its limits".

Cancer Vaccination Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cancer Vaccination - Case Study Example Vaccinations for Cervical Cancer should be given to young girls ranging from 12 years old and above. More likely, parents might have doubts and preemptions that this would only encourage their children to become sexually exposed at such an early age. However, the fact that it is a necessary step to having healthier status in the future, such allegations must be set aside and instead teach the children of the morl-basics they should know about sexuality. This could prevent the immoral act more than what the non-vaccination option could do. (Sakda, 6). This is the reason why vaccination to avoid this situation should be strongly implemented by social workers and in turn should also be widely accepted by the society. Of course, with an aim to preserve health, cooperation between people in the society is vital concept to consider (Del Rosario, 2,3). These two major findings mainly show the importance of the vaccination provided usually by the government to be able to take assurance of the health of the people in the community. The researchers were able to meet this certain conclusion based from "sample population" studies, which they referred to as the core "source of the study". Through the researches performed it had been cleared that vaccination activities are indeed helpful in lowering the rates of women having cervical cancer in their mid-30's. The fact that there is a certain importance placed upon the vitality of the vaccination, it should also be clear that even the governments have the responsibilities in providing their people with such services. This is in connection with their aim to continuously help their people develop healthy lives. On the other hand, the social preemption that young girls would be prone to sexual activities once they would be provided by the vaccination have been proven true, yet it could be solved through open and often parent- daughter counseling regarding matters connected with sexual activities. Indeed, there is also a vital role for parents when it comes to the effectiveness of the implementation of the vaccination matter. There are many advantages brought about by this vaccinating provisions. As Martin's study points out that "Vaccination of young girls aged 12 against the virus which causes cervical cancer cuts deaths from such diseases up to 75 percent. In this way, the lessened death rates help women to be able to enjoy their lives longer and be even more productive as well. OF ALL the diseases that afflict

Social Insurance Essay Example for Free

Social Insurance Essay Social insurance funded programs include Social Security, Workmen’s compensation, Medicare, and unemployment benefits. Each of these programs is funded by a portion of a person’s check. A certain amount is taken out of each check and put in an â€Å"account† for future use. Some of these programs even include a match payment made by the employer. This is mostly used for Social Security. The benefits from each of these programs are used in the event of a future time of unemployment. The benefits from Social Security are used when a person is old enough to retire. Workmen’s compensation benefits are available to workers that have been hurt upon the job and are no longer able to work for a certain amount of time. Benefits that are available when a person is unemployed are only available if the person is terminated by no fault of their own. I have found that there is one major drawback to social insurance, the growth in our population. With an increase in population and a decrease in the job market, it is harder for people to go back to work when they have been laid off. Our economy at this point is still unstable. With more and more workers joining the workforce each day and our jobs being sent overseas it is easy to see the drawback to social insurance programs. The one drawback for Social Security according to Chambers Wedel (2005) is that if we are to make it to the projected year of 2040, those who are in workforce will be forced to provide a higher amount of money out of their checks. I feel that any drawback related to social insurance funding is based upon the growth in population and the decrease in our economy.

What Is Operations Research Essay -- essays research papers

This is an Engineering Research Paper. What is operations research? Operations research is the application of the methods of science to complex problems arising in the direction and management of large systems of men, machines material, and money in industry, business, government and defense. The distinctive approach is to develop a scientific model of the system, incorporating measurements of factors such as chance and risk, with which to predict and compare the outcomes of alternative decisions, strategies or controls. The purpose is to help management determine its policy and actions scientifically. (Ravindran, Phillips and Solberg 1987). How does operations research apply to highway systems inefficiency? Let’s find out! â€Å"Automakers don’t build roads and governments don’t build autos, yet we expect cars and roads to mesh together seamlessly to form a transportation network.† For year’s automakers and regional transportation planners have been working to put information age technology to work solving traffic problems. All over the world people are choosing to travel by automobile because this flexible mode of travel best meets their needs. But grid locked expressways threaten to take the â€Å"mobile† out of â€Å"automobile.† This presentation will try to show reasons why our expressways are so congested, what the Federal Highway Administration proposals are to alleviate congestion and the advantages and disadvantages of these proposals under review. Firstly what are some of the causes of urban highway congestion? Rush hour traffic is one of the leading contributors of highway congestion. It isn’t our imagination. Every year commute times to work take longer and longer. Since 1986 car travel has increased almost 40%, while highway capacity has barley grown. As a result most major interstate routes in Metropolitan areas are jammed during rush hours. Grid locked cost Americans almost the equivalent of $51 billion a year in lost wages and wasted fuel. And the situation is only going to get worse. (Steisand, Betsy. 1996). What causes rush hour traffic? Simply put, at specific times of the day be it in the morning or evening motorists in general are either on their way to work or home. There is such a glut of vehicles on the expressways at this time. They all need to get to their destinations at peak times of the day. It is a simple equation: Too many cars incorp... ...napp. Crain’s Chicago Business. , v 22 no2 (Jan. 11 ’99) p. 13. (4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Moving forward smartly: The role of ITS in the NEXTEA† by: Jeff, Lindley. Public Roads. , Wntr 1997, v60 n3 p57(4). (5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Message in a bottleneck: It’s time to start charging rush hour commuters† by: Betsy, Steisand. U.S News and World Report; Dec 30 1996, v121, n26, p47(2). (6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fighting road rage† by: William B. Cassidy. Traffic World,v. 251 (Aug. 11 ’97) p. 31. (7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"For Florida a second chance† by: William C. Vantuono. Railway Age. , v. 196 (Apr. ’95) p. 59-60. (8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Actual hands-off steering- and other wonders of the modern world† by: Bob, Bryant. Public Roads; Nov-Dec 1997, v61, n3, p32(6). (9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"91 Express ways do not work well† by: Mackprang, Peter and Harry, Parker. American City and County. , v. 114 no12 (Oct. 1999)p. 6. (10)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Operational models and traffic control in intelligent vehicle systems† by; Zhang, L. Transportation Research PartA: Policy and Practice; (Jan 1997), v31, n1, p64.

Themes of The Village by the Sea by Anita Desai Essay -- Village Sea

Themes of The Village by the Sea by Anita Desai The novel, 'the village by the sea' by Anita Desai is about how Hari and Lila struggle for the survival of their family in the absence of their drunken father and ill mother. As portrayed in the beginning of the novel, the opening scene is described to be an unstable environment. This is reflected by the setting of the waves and how they are portrayed to be 'unstable' as the author uses phrases such as 'high tide' and 'low tide' to show the instabilities of life and its changes. In relation to this essential opening scene, this novel is briefly paraphrased to be a book describing the transformations and the hardships in life. As connected to these major morals described by the author, there are several minor themes in relation to the morals as mentioned earlier. These themes are responsibility, self-control and love. The main themes of this novel are change and survival. ?Change? in this book is the way each character is able to understand things in life have to be changed in order to progress. The theme of change is portrayed when the governors decide to turn Thul into an industrial area. Other situations are when Biju starts to introduce motor boats to Thul for fishing instead of manual one and this shows that the change of boats is for the development of fishing. Desai is able to communicate to us this theme when Hari?s father is able to turn from a useless drunken man to a responsible and caring person and also how Hari?s mother is able to get better from her ill state. With this, we can see that each situation in the book is linked together by the way Hari?s father changes when his mother falls ill and is taken to the hospital. This theme is stro... ... Coconut day. One main one is the way Hari?s father out of love for the family and his wife changes from drunkard to a responsible man. Another theme shown is self-control and this shown by the way Lila is able to keep the money she earns from the De Silvas to buy food for the family and not spent on useless things.Other examples are the way Hari makes a lot of money in Bombay, but although there so many nice things in there, he does not spend it but saves it. One character that is able to show this is Hari?s father by the way he is able to control himself from drinking toddy. From what we can see in the novel, the themes are related to each other like change and survival leads to responsibility, responsibility leads to love and self-control and also responsibility relates to love. This is created by the way the user creates the setting of the novel.

Reality Television Stereotypes Essay

James A. Forbes once said, â€Å"When people rely on surface appearances and false racial stereotypes, rather than in-depth knowledge of others at the heart, mind and spirit, their ability to assess and understand people accurately is compromised. † Over time, our generation has watched reality television develop into one of the most sumptuous prodigies of our time. From â€Å"Bad Girls Club† to â€Å"Basketball Wives† reality television has maneuvered itself into our everyday infrastructures. Reality television has had a catastrophic effect on reasoning, education, and society. To start with, reality television depicts its cast as â€Å"real people†, or a group of people archetypally found in the real world as they take on roles that delineate parts of the population dealing in race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, etc. As reality television characterizes misrepresentations, this becomes important for educational and societal ameliorations. Secondly, reality television was found to be main stream and refines stable images after some of its own. Many heavy viewers of television believe the world to be more ungovernable than it is in truth. This is known as the â€Å"cultivation theory† and what is does is test trends in the culture of our society. It broadens the capacity of enrichment by studying the apprehension of stereotypes in reality television. Explained better, the popularity and upheavals correlated with reality television make it an affluent source of education exploration, but in light of what reality television claims to be it makes such educational examinations rather imperative. Moreover, reality television in relation with the aforementioned cultivation theory, the stereotypes presented on reality television of associations (racial, ethnic) may harm the overall mannerly intellection of these associations. Because these shows are shows that are supposed to be a representation of the real world, they have a greater impact on society, and while they emphasize cliched effigies, they therefore give the audience a viewpoint saying that what they see is real. Taking â€Å"Jersey Shore† into examination, the Italian-Americans are seen as loud, pornographic, fractious, obnoxious and overall atrocious quadrupeds, well, to their Italian brethren. In America, one can think that they would be seen as party idols, but shortly after arriving to Italy, they were publically shamed and disowned but the society that surrounded them. Some people might say that these types of shows address the issues the famous face off of the red carpet and on the red carpet. While this may be true, many reality television stars have found the intrusion into their most private matters disheartening and it is not uncommon to see them slowly fade away from the beaming spotlight. Stereotypes are a very touchy subject and can lead into many forms of bigotry and illiberality. Although stereotypes can be used in positive ways to appeal to the certain and right audiences in commercials and advertisements, we must wonder if the conspicuous aggrandizement and affirmation of them should be acceptable in the things we let our kids and ourselves watch. We must also consider the factors that the dangerous stereotypes can affect when looking at this subject, the education factors, the societal factors and lastly, the logical/reasoning factors.

Role of Marketing in the Non-Business Environment

October 2012 -Role of Marketing in the non-business environment since article â€Å"Broadening the Concept of Marketing† by Philip Kotler and Sidney J. Levy was published in 1969 — Written by Anthony Chi Yuen CHAN 1 Abstract Social economic development over the past 40 years has been drastic over the world. From 1970 to 2010, global GDP has grown over 20 times from 3,288 billion USD to 63,064 billion USDi. Government consumption expenditure per capita increased from 140 USD to 1,640 USD on global bases. In well developed countries and economic zone (like UKii and EU), ocial protection, general public services, health care, education, and national and public order and safety account for over 70% of government total spending. cause the increase of spending in the public sector? What had been changed to While large amount of money had been spent, what has changed in the public sector to ensure the effectiveness of spending? Private sector managerial techniques, practices a nd orientations, marketing strategies and dimensions helped shaping the evolution of public management to be more efficiently and effectively.The purpose of this paper is to state specific examples of the adaptation of marketing management strategies and tactics at the selected areas of public services. Particular case will illustrate how STP, 4P’s, and 3P’s adopted in the decision making process. Understanding the background of social evolution, we will examine how demographic and economic improvement has driven these marketing strategies in these civil services in Hong Kong over the past 40 years. IntroductionEvery organization, private sector or public services alike, depend greatly on marketing strategies and communication to promote their goods and services. Hong Kong Government has evolved its public communication from minimum interaction to highly involvement in planning, researching, consulting, implementing of the new regulations and policies. The objectives a re obvious, better execution, greater acceptance, less rebellious toward administrative power. After Second World War, Hong Kong was governed by British system.One will not be surprised to learn Hong Kong transformation from a small fishing village to a modern business and manufacturing city was greatly benefited by immigrating many British public services and social management policies and experiences. At the beginning of the colonial rule, many of the establishment and policies were implemented through a direct top down approach. British Government at the U. K. assigned Governor to Hong Kong to decide and implemented all policies across the society. Minimum communication was noted from the Government for promotion of new policies. ommunication. External limitation also put barriers to effective At the 1950’s social communication media was very limited. The lack of basic formal communication tools like newspaper and radio broadcasting was one of the challenges at the beginni ng. General population literacy was low also accounted for limitation of communication. As society improved, education level has risen, government new policies were demanded to be explained and rationalized before implementation. Modern government communications have to utilizing all available tradition and modern media. Advertising through multi-lingual newspaper, prime time television advertising at television, radio broadcasting with advertisement and commentary shows; public transportation exterior/interior advertising; mobile phone messaging; smart phone application; internet media (blogs; facebook; twitters; government web sites etc) are fully utilized to let government communication reaching complicated social segments. Likewise, the internet age of marketing communication channels also encouraged faster and direct general public feedback be reverted to the concerned government bodies.Privatization of some public services, like parks and garden management, public area hygiene , and airport security management of non-critical zone etc. , influenced the image of quality services. Service privatization also has a reverse influence back to Government to review marketing strategies. As a result, Hong Kong civil service activities are managed through a more business-like management structure, and commercial marketing strategy and tactics becoming more evidence. We will examine various examples of Government policies and activities where marketing management philosophies are adopted.Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) – Marketing as strategy (STP) While social and economic development enriched, modern social needs becoming complicated, deeper to details, and towards long term stability. Majority of population has their basic humanity needs satisfied, the Government started to consider long term social protection. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) is designed for workforce to plan for retirement life. Before the implication of the MPF System, only about one-third of the Hong Kong workforce had some form retirement protection.From a marketing strategy point of view, MPF program identified the need for retirement saving for all workforces. Therefore, any employee, no matter full time or causal, at the age between 18 to 65 is included in the segment. The main target groups within this segment are those employee who has no experience nor has knowledge to establish his/her own retirement saving program with financial institutes. Therefore, it is required by law to join compulsory retirement saving plan for a minimum saving level per month. For employee who are not in the main target (i. e. apable and willing to contribute more than the minimum saving level), the MPF program has the flexibility to allow non-target group contributors to put extra money to the mandatory saving level. MPF is a financial saving services that position itself as mass population at a monthly affordable contribution rat e. There are similar retirement saving options offe red by other financial institutions, but most of them are not targeting mass market. A series of TV commercial were made and aired (for example http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=-DcC1pccSTM) for the promotion of MPF.In the video, it is clearly illustrated the segment, target, and position of this program. Intangible (services) vs Tangible (physical) – 4P’s : Products Public management is traditionally considered to be a service oriented sector, and therefore offering intangible products. Public security, national health, emergency assistance, education, 3 and legal justice, just to name a few, are critical services provided by public administrators. Public administration also provides tangible products such as subsided housing, government publication, municipal water supply, and land sale etc.Public Housing Strategy – 4P’s : Price Hong Kong Housing Society and Hong Kong Housing Authority offer government subsidized housing for particular population segmen t. Because of the complexity of housing demand and affordability, Government designed four major types of subsidized housing programs. All of these public and subsidized housing program are targeted to different user groups, and are positioned very differently. Each of the program also has different level of discount rate, either for sale or for rent, when compare with open market value. ange of restrictions and eligibility criteria. Users are generally subjected to a Each of the pricing structure is evaluated based on target group income and affordability. Market researches are done, and public hearing is held before program reveal to public. Public housing prices are designed to balance user affordability and at the same time protect open market housing prices stability. Below are the iii four main housing schemet :. ? Home Ownership Scheme estates are subsidized sale-to-public housing estates for low-income residents.They are usually built adjacent to or within Public Rental Hous ing and nearly identical in construction. They are managed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and are earmarked for sale to low-income qualifiers at prices which are heavily discounted from market value, and the land value is similarly subsidized. The mortgage and resale of these units in the second-hand market are likewise restricted to eligible low-income residents. Within a public housing estate development, some blocks may be designated by the Authority exclusively for rental while others may be earmarked for sale. ?Tenants Purchase Scheme allows existing tenants in the rented public housing program to purchase their flats. The sale prices are set around 50% to 60% lower than the market prices of private flats due to subsidies and restriction on selling. ? Flat-for-Sale Scheme allows flats under the scheme for sale at concessionary price. ? Sandwich Class Housing Scheme estates were built for sale to lower-middle and middle-income residents, known as the sandwich class, who did not qualify for low-income public housing in the Home Ownership Scheme but still had trouble affording private housing.The quality and market positioning of Sandwich Class Housing were significantly higher than public housing estates and comparable to some middle-class private developments. These units were sold at levels that were slightly below market value and came with a five-year resale restriction. Land development as new source – 4P’s : Place Hong Kong has land size at 1,100 square kilometers, and population grown from four million in 4 1970 to 7. 2 million in 2010. That makes Hong Kong one of the most densely populated city in the world. Hong Kong Land Department holds one of the most scared resources, land.Urban development and local economic highly depend on availability of land sales. Therefore, promotion and marketing communication of land planning become increasingly important over years. Private sectors as well as general citizen concern about future new land supply as well as timeworn redevelopment zone. Land development as well as land source of land affects property prices, and the urbanization development planiv. One good recent example is the Geotechnical Engineering Department confirms the technical capability of underground land and cavern for new source of land.This marks a new era for the possible new â€Å"place† for future property market and industrial zone development. The GED makes use of short video to promote new land supply idea (see endnote’s hyper link)v. Crime prevention – 4P’s : Promotion Police force goals and objective have dramatically changed for the last four decades from mainly law enforcement operation to equally emphasizing the importance of crime prevention. Study have shown in different country that increase of police force does not necessary reverse proportion to the number of crime. i Therefore, a lot of marketing and promotion effort have been dedicated to home security d esign, drug abuse prevention, internet crime awareness, and police force recruitmentvii, proper automobile driving technique etc. As social and communication media develops and widened, communication channels broadened from traditional newspaper advertising to internet social platform such as police force websiteviii, facebook, youtube, tweeter, discussion forum, to personal contact like public relationship division within the police force.Public sector personal and organizational marketing – 3P’s : People After the transfer of sovereignty to People Republic of China, Hong Kong government organization and management became increasing transparent. Hong Kong resident has increasing interest of government departmental leadership, and government operation efficiency. Compare to forty years ago, when Hong Kong was still under British colonial rule, the Governor, Executive Council, Legislative Council, as well as most public politician were all appointed by the Government.De mocratic election slowly started in the 1980’s for local district representatives and a portion of Legislative Council. Personal marketing in the public services became more and more importantix. Two examples are the recent Legislative Council (LECO) Election, and Hong Kong Special Administration Region Chief Executive Election. LECO election is an open democratic election for all qualified citizen. Competitions are big between candidates, and are compared based on their experiences, past contribution to the society, and related political party’s reputation. Education system reform progress – 3P’s : Process While every spot light falls onto the people, in the public sector, the ultimate goal for a government is to implement set policies and procedures. Taking for example, the Education Department just recently introduced a new secondary and territorial school system in Hong Kong. The new system revised the seven years secondary schooling to six years, but extending the normal three years under graduate programmes to four years. New Product (Education System) Development Strategy was use. The education ureau made use of product development concept of idea generation, preliminary analysis, detail investigation and research, planning and development, communication, testing, implementation, and auditing cycle. x xi The result was a smoother implementation, better acceptance by education institutions, students, parents, and prevented political instability in case of adverse situation. Conclusion Social, economic, political, and education development evolves over time. Citizens are demanding more frequent, closer, deeper, and highly transparent participation in public administration.Therefore, non-business organization like public administration and political management spend more resources (time, man power, and money) at the early stage of new social policy development. Citizens are defined as customers or end user in the public administ ration model. Because of the rising demand by the customers for better involvement during the course of public administration, and, at the same time, administrators wants to have higher chance of success and sustainability of new policy, customers involvement of the early part of Stage-gate Processing becoming evident, which is in contrast with public policy development four decades ago.American Marketing Association (AMA) who defines â€Å"Marketing† for its members, have also renew the definition to suit with the ever changing environment. In the letter from Mike Lotti and Don Lehmann, Chairperson of the Board and Committee Chair of AMA, subjected New Definition of Marketing dated December 2007, Lotti and Lehmann said â€Å"(the new definition of) Marketing is regarded as an ‘activity’ instead of a ‘function’ and positions marketing as a broader activity in a company/organization, and not just a department.The new definition also positions marketi ng as providing long term value rather than narrowly as an exchange of money (short-term) for the benefit of the shareholder/organization. †xii European marketing community also published similar notion a few years earlier than its US counterpart, defining that â€Å"long-term customer relationships are considered as the cornerstone of marketing†xiii. This is in line with modern public administrators’ objective, that is to satisfy the needs of different segments and targets of citizens.It is worth to note that this paper is not to argue marketing management strategies, tactics, and concepts in public sector did not exist in Hong Kong at the early years. As a matter of the facts, in the 60s and 70s, Government have organized activities to understand customer (local residents) 6 needs related to long term social development plan and pre-execution hearing sessions with local leaders and legislators, but only at a lot less formal and structured as the society current ly established. In response to Levy and Kotler’s article, DavidJ.Luck had argued that marketing strategies and activities had been in used in various government activities before Kotler and Levy’s article was publishedxiv. When social, economic, and political reforms continue, society should expect to see marketing activities in non-business organization, particularly for public administration sector, to continue evolves alongside with modern marketing management methologies. i Ivan Kushnir’s Research Center, kushnirs. org rd ii UK Public Spending since 1963, Simon Rogers, 3 June 2012, guardian. o. uk iii Milestones: Hong Kong Housing Society Housing Price, Land Supply and Revenue from Land Sales, Raymond Y. C. Tse, 2012 v Enhanced use of underground space in Hong Kong, Geotechnical Engineering Department, http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=jZ_IX0KocNk&list=UUi4fX-nEJseYhlAuY4DJ0wQ&index=7&feature=pl cp vi Law Enforcement Marketing: Perceptions of a police force, Peter Bohan, 1987. vii Hong Kong Police: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ckDWtaWNHo0 viii Hong Kong Police: http://www. police. gov. hk/ppp_en/index. tml ix After ten years of transfer of sovereignty: political stability and reform in Hong Kong, Jermain T. M. Lam, 2008 x Stage-gate systems: a new tool for managing new products, Robert G. Cooper, 1990 xi Marketing in the public sector: Inappropriate or merely difficult? : Peter Graham, 2010 xii th AMA Definition of Marketing: Mike Lotti and Don Lehmann, December 17 , 2007 xiii Defining Marketing: A market-Oriented Approach: Christian Gronroos, 1989 xiv Broadening the Concept of Marketing. Too Far: David J. Luck, 1969 iv 7

National University Essay

American students have different attitudes about studying Contents 1. Tallahassee Democrat, Flag. Tallahassee Democrat, Flag. BY Quit Lie One and a half years ago, when my husband came to Florida State University for his doctorate in oceanography, I accompanied him from China. When I first stepped on American soil, many American things deeply attracted me. Since enrolling at the community college for my associates degree, I have especially noticed the differences between Chinese and American attitudes toward studying. Many of my American lacerates are also Curious about societal, family and educational systems in China. Expressing my ideas about the effects of these systems on college students in China may help my friends here understand the differences between us. China is a big country, not only in its land but also in its tremendous population. Although the government spends a huge amount of funds on developing education every year, It still can’t satisfy the innumerable students who are seeking knowledge. Thus,unlike in America, where everybody can go to college, a lot of Chinese students do not have the opportunity to study at colleges. For example, the government has a policy that people must be under 25 years of age to be able to go to college. Also, students must pass an annual National University Entrance Exam, which Is very strict. Often, only one out of 10 students pass It. The students call this testing month ‘ ‘ Dark July,† implying that this exam decides their fate. Not only do the students regard it as important, but also their parent’s treat It seriously. In America, students can decide to go to college by themselves and their parent’s hardly Interfere with them. In China, old, traditional thoughts are still kept In people’s minds. They think that studying at allege Is an Incomparable honor. If a student Is enrolled In college, his or her parent’s are extremely happy. They will Immediately tell all their relatives and friends. But If a student doesn’t pass the entrance exam, his parent’s will feel as If they cannot raise their heads In front of others. Some parent’s will even blame their child for not studying hard enough. These common views make some students feel pressure on their hearts. By comparison, American students leave their parent’s earlier and live and work In society by themselves. Most Chinese students never leave their parent’s before they go to college. This dependent life makes them want to obey their parent’s’ advice about everything. Prenatal advice Is their mall Influence. Some parent’s Insist that their child attend the July exam year after year until he or she passes It. The Influence of the family Is very Important on students In China. When I first came to college here, the American laissez-fairer style of education deeply Interested me. American colleges give students broad space and allow students to develop Independently. Students can freely choose their favorite courses, except for certain required courses. They can even choose their favorite teachers. This Is Incredible to e. In China, the field of study can’t be changed from the first day that the students come to college. Furthermore, every semester the school has already formulated the limits their development. At the community college, I also observe that quite a number of students cut class without excuses. This behavior is really strange. In China, even if a student is sick, he will normally persist in attending classes. Although the school has strict rules for absent students, the majority of students think that they should take responsibility for their own education. Chinese students study very hard and treasure the opportunity to study. Everyone wants to get the highest score. In China, there are no part-time students in a university. Tuition is provided by parent’s, so students want to get the highest scores to repay their parent’s’ love. Unlike American students who have a lot of chances to get a good Job, when Chinese students graduate, their grades become a major factor for a good company to choose them. To get a good Job in the future, students must study hard. Obviously, compared with the American educational system, the Chinese educational system could be improved by giving students more freedom to develop their abilities based n their interests.

Problem Solving Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem Solving Activities - Essay Example ESPN is the largest source of money for Disney and  is believed to be the worlds most valuable media asset. According to www.forbes.com , the company is worth more than $40 billion as of 2012. Therefore one may beg to ask where all this money for ESPN comes from. According to bloomberg.com, the companys revenue hit a $9 billion in 2012 above any other cable network in the world and was projected to hit $11 billion as of the end of 2013 due to increased subscriber charges. Apart from being a sports channel, the company also broadcasts news relating to sporting events and its websites gives fixtures for the next sporting events. This ensures that its customers do not miss scheduled sporting events. One of the major sources for ESPNs money is the customer subscriptions. This is executed worldwide where the moment cable TV customers access the channel, the provider gets revenue which is paid by the customer. For example, many DSTV subscribers are able to watch ESPN at different channels through customer subscriptions, the company gets substantial revenue which enables it manage its day to day operations. Monthly subscriptions make up the largest source of revenue for ESPN standing at almost 60% of the total revenue for the company. In 2012, the company charged the cable TVs the largest amount of money per subscriber regardless of whether the subscriber watched the channel or not. At 4.6 dollars per subscriber, it was the highest in US and the charges continued to increase by up to 17.9% in 2013 meaning that the money generated will continue to increase for 2013. The other source of money for ESPN comes from advertising. In advertising, the company has up to three avenues for making advertising money. These are digital advertising, magazine advertising and television advertising. Of these, television advertising is expected to net up to $4 billion in 2013 the largest share, followed by digital adverts at 700

Behaviors in Nursing Management Professional Term Paper

Behaviors in Nursing Management Professional - Term Paper Example The specific type of leadership needed in nursing management practice will be analyzed and its advantages presented. The form of leadership recommended in nursing is democratic leadership. After this, the importance of emotional and cultural intelligence will be discussed. Emotional intelligent managers are leaders with ability to identify and understand personal change emotions and develop strategies to manage them. Cultural intelligence is critical in nursing management practice as one strives to create an influence in an environment with different cultures values refer. After a discussion on the leadership styles, the specific qualities needed will be presented. Some qualities identified include integrity, courage, attitude and ability to take initiative. The other qualities identified are optimism, ability to strike balance in all areas of life and ability to manage stress. The next part will be a discussion on values, qualities and behaviors in relation to management process, co mmunication, team building, orientation of new staff and caring and ethics and empowerment of staff from a personal perspective. In the management process, values refer to the principles that the manager upholds and advocates. Qualities and behaviors refer to personal attributes that make a person an authentic leader in the organization. These values, behaviors and qualities in management process include being of integrity, promoting open communication, teamwork and managing organizational change.

Third Cinema- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Third Cinema- - Essay Example The aspects of Third Cinema which are expressed by Sembene make the films controversial as well as a way to show the culture of Senegal and the controversies surrounding politics and society. Through the movies, there is a creation of boundaries of what it means to belong in a third world country and the social and political divisions which have arisen in response to this. Theory of Third Cinema The concept of third cinema is based on the social and political problems that are apparent in third world countries. These issues are defined as being separate from first world countries and hold several layers of what it means to belong to a third world country. The language that is developed to represent this shows a development and understanding of the practices and political and ideological overtones that are present in the countries. This is furthered by showing the pressing issues which need to be changed and how these have affected the nations without the understanding of those in pre sent day society. From the ideas of political and social overtones are three main strategies used to create the Third Cinema. This includes styles and narratives that are relative to the country represented, defamiliriazation from Hollywood style plots and national and local variations that are representative of the main issues of a given culture. While Third Cinema is able to provide the outlook of politics and society in the third world, there are other influences that create a different portrayal of the films. The main contrast that is seen with the films is based on the combination of Western ideologies and techniques, such as seen through Hollywood influences, as well as creating unique outlooks with both the techniques and content of the film. To change this, the third cinema focuses on representation that is specific to localities and nations. This includes an exotic look as well as content that is specific to each of the regions. By doing this, there is the ability to create a sense of identity and belonging as a part of the film, as opposed to fitting in with the Western concepts. To the Western viewer, this leads to an understanding that the third world problems are a part of the other and have a feel of belonging to the outside as a specific problem to that culture. By using this image, there is the ability to gain interest from the Western viewers while representing the context of a specific third world culture (Ukadike, 1994). Xala I the Cure â€Å"Xala I The Cure† is the first film that is displayed by Sembene as appealing to the specific politics and society that are a part of Senegal. The beginning of this is the setting that is chosen, specifically which represents the ideal of Senegal before colonialism. The setting and the representation of the exotic through costumes and other elements are seen as related directly to the Mande Empire. This is common for the area of shooting of the film. This contrasts with the setting after coloniali sm, which is represented by the French costumes that are a part of the story line. At first, this is seen specifically by the French invasions. However, as the story continues, there is conformity to the French styles in costume, ways of living and the ideals which are carried. The setting and the approach that is taken shows how there is a division between these two era which has created a different sense of belonging to t

Globalization and its affect on the american economy Research Paper

Globalization and its affect on the american economy - Research Paper Example ld economies results in removal of barriers between nations for free movement of goods, services, investments, and also manpower across national boundaries. Practiced as a strategy, globalization results in enhanced economic activities and hence prosperity of all nations and its impact on the US economy is not different, critics notwithstanding. The second half of the previous century witnessed the rapid growth of the US economy in all spheres. It gained position as by far the most powerful nation on earth in economic and military terms, and had a deciding voice in multilateral organizations like the WTO, IMF and the World Bank. High investments in education, research and development, manufacturing and infrastructure coupled with vast natural resources, low population density and a democratic polity resulted in high prosperity of its population. The prosperity put high wages in the hands of its consumers, and consumer spending on food, personal accessories, leisure and entertainment have become important prime movers of economic growth in a self-sustaining way. Being a free market economy, competitive forces ensured that goods and services are offered at attractive prices and/or features, till the market reached a point of saturation. At this point businesses had to look to ever new products, new markets or newer ways of reducing costs, to sustain in business and grow with profits. Globalization, for which the US and other prosperous Western European countries are the strongest advocates through their dominant position in international bodies, can be seen in this background of saturated local markets and declining competitiveness. A few words about ‘post industrial society’ are not out of place at this juncture. The US society is often called the ‘post industrial society’ where the emphasis is on knowledge as opposed to manufacturing (Daniel Bell as quoted by Marshall G, 1998). In other words, knowledge-based services offered by professionals are at a

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 4

Law - Essay Example l effect or used in the United Kingdom shall be recognised and available in law, and be enforced, allowed and followed accordingly; and the expression enforceable Community right and similar expressions shall be read as referring to one to which this subsection applies.†1 Essentially, Section 2(1) ensures that in the event there is a conflict between EC law and UK law, the former prevails. In other words EC law confers upon Bill and Jim â€Å"directly enforceable laws† within the UK.2 It was also held in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen that the EC represents a â€Å"new legal order† which binds all Member States. 3 To this end, there are three systems of law within the EC that determine Bill and Jim’s right to take action against the UK for personal injuries incurred as a result of their failure to implement Directive 2007/15/EC by the due date. The three systems of law are primary legislation which encompasses EC Treaties, secondary legislation which are Directives and regulations and the third source of law is Decisions.4 Bill and Jim’s claim for personal injuries will fall under the application of secondary injuries since the claim is directly related to a Directive issued by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. Directives require official enactment by Member States but they are nonetheless binding on all Member States.5 In fact Article 249 of the Treaty of Rome 1957 provides that Directives are binding on all Member States â€Å"which it is addressed.†6 Although the UK has a discretion as to how to implement the Directive on the phasing out of chalkboard, the Directive remains applicable under UK law once the date for implementation passes. The fact that the UK’s safety regulations adequately deal with the main objectives of the Directive does not weaken the application of the Directive.7 In Publico Ministero v Ratti [1979] ECR it was held that as a result of Article 189 (now article 249) of the

Types of Essay Writing Essay Example for Free

Types of Essay Writing Essay Essays are major part of academic education. In US almost all college and university admission can be done by writing essay. The admission officers with better insight about your essay and how you differ from the other applicants essays. In crucial stages the essays are used to make a decision whether an applicant will be selected. In academic education students regularly have essay writing activities based on their course content. The initial steps are usually deciding what topic to discuss. The next choice that essay writers tackle is what type of essay to write. There are various types of essays such as critical essays, reflective essay, admission essays, narrative essays analytical essays and many others. In addition there is variety of essay types, most of them are related to academic coursework written to study an exact topic and reflect the outlook of the writer. However, the students should focus on specific topic and what types of essays will be wrote. Admission essay The main point of an admission essay is conducted by admission board that you are worth entering the college. Nowadays almost all college and university admission can be done by using admission essay. You should write your best and demonstrate your superior writing skills. The admission essays are the best chance to show your commitment to a career in business by demonstrating those experiences, people, and events that influenced your decision to enter the field. Argumentative essay In Argumentative essay writing we try to convincing others to agree with our facts, share our values. When writing argumentative essay you should state or position regarding of a subject for the main point of opinion. While writing you can add statistics report, well expert view and well support advice about a state or debate. The well argumentative essay should be clear, exact, and highly focused. Cause effect essay In Cause effect essay writing you have to talking about a troubled with why things occur (causes) and what happens as a consequence (effects). The cause and effect essay is the best technique of organizing and talking about ideas. At university and college cause and effects essays are most general papers in a composition course. Classification essay Classification essay writing is not only writing about other essay types, but also the ability to organize the ideas and things into sort. Most of students are well experts in writing classification essays. Since years the students studying in the field that have need of them to sort out ideas. Hence, the students can be written his classification essay without difficulty. Critical essay When critical essay writings you have to state agree with the fully subject. The word critical is telling about the attitude when you have read editorial or part of the book. The critical essays start with a psychoanalysis or explanation of the article or part of a book. Definition essay The definition essay writing you can talk an understanding about certain idea or things. Such things as bird, water are very exact and well concentrate. The way of writing your definition essays you have to give your readers with a new way of looking at things your way. Five paragraph essay The five paragraph essay is the classic format of composition. Its only the format of writing essays; its the types of essays which help for college and university students to develop your composition skills. The name represents like this essays should have five paragraphs. The introduction should include with thesis statement and following paragraphs must be talking about the core your essay topic or subject. The conclusion should be concluding the topics or idea of your topic given.

Evolutionary Changes to Horses

Evolutionary Changes to Horses Enough horse fossils have been found so that archaeologists are able to trace the evolution of horses. The earliest fossil of a horse found was a dog sized Eohippus (Tyagi, 2009). This four toed Eohippus lived around 55 million years ago (Hall, 2010). The Equus mostly stayed the same with the exception of slight toe and teeth changes. During the Oligocene era about 34-34 million years ago the horse grew in size and 4 toes evolved into 3. Also in this time the horse had vanished from Europe, Africa and Asia and for the following million years the only place which was habitable for the horse was in the western part of North America (Rice, 2007). The Miocene era saw lush vegetation disappear and the land became a grassy plain. The horse was forced to adapt and evolve in order to survive in this new environment, for example its teeth needed to change so it was able to chew the new food, its toes changed into hooves which made it easier to get about the different landscapes. These horses are thought to have had a similar brain and molars to the modern horse of today (Kimball 2006). The only real wild horse, to compare to the domesticated horse is the Przewalskis horse, although this species is extinct in the wild, there are some captive in zoos which have saved the species from total extinction and are now being captive bred (Boyd 1994). The Fell pony originates from the England/Scotland border. They are only a small breed around 14h maximum but are capable of carrying an adult man (Davis, 2008). They are a hard and sturdy breed and also versatile. The Fell pony matures late and will not breed often until as late as 7 years old. Most of the native Fells are left to roam free until the age of 2 or 3 and they arent overfed. Mares shouldnt breed before the age of 3 or permanent damage could be done to the reproductive organs and the mares maturity and growth can be restricted (Fell pony society, 2006). Environmental Factors Survival of the fittest means that only the strongest most resourceful animals live to breed. In the bad winter of 1946-47 most of the pure bred native ponies survived, but cross-breeds died. This winter was so bad that all but one group of Fell ponies that were cut off by deep snow for 6 weeks also perished (Richardson, 2008) The environment influences a horses characters, for example weight and muscle, these all depend on nutrition and exercise. The athletic ability and temperament also changes with different environmental factors. The size of the pony was due to the quality of grazing, ponies that were bigger than 13hh could not have survived on the moorland as their food intake would need to be greater than the smaller ponies (Mills, 2005). Demographic profiling of horse domestication is hard. Mongol herds show the selective slaughter of stallions at 2 and half years old, leaving the mares to survive (Zeder, 2006). A horses breed typical behaviour is reflected on the combination of two forces- physical environment and humans. Temperament differences are often linked with blood temperature (Jensen, 2009) Human intervention In early history of the Fell Pony, their origins were from indigenous ponies of the region, and in the Roman period of Northern England the horses were cross-bred with horses which were introduced by foreign mercenaries. These horses from Friesland region have the pre-potency and characteristics still seen today in the Fell pony (Richardson, 2008) There was also a mixture of Galloway blood, also Welsh cob from the stallion Comet. Small amount of Andalusian blood and finally Yorkshire trotter, which explains the larger 14.2hh ponies when the breed limit is 14hh (Fell pony Society, 2009). During the industrial revolution the Fell pony was used as a pack pony. They carried up to 16 stone of lead, iron ore, slate and coal from the mines. These ponies travelled 240 miles a week. From Kendal 300 Fells left to go over the country carrying cargo such as fish, grain, chickens and dairy products (Hamlets house, n.d.) The Fell pony society was created in 1916 and has the Queen Elizabeth II as the patron (Fell pony society, 2003). During the depression of the 1930s along with mechanisation the Fell pony breed was threatened and in 1932 at a stallion show there was only 3 ponies that were shown. King George V saved the Fell pony breed with a large donation and also Beatrix Potter donated to save this breed (Richardson, 2008) Low breeding numbers can drastically reduce the gene pool in a breed, causing it to bottle neck. This happened to the Fell ponies. In 1914, 5 stallions were the direct descendant of the famous Blooming Heather. Homozygosity is 54% in British rare breed horses. (Richardson, 2008) In todays terms, nature is taking out of the equation; there is no longer survival of the fittest among these horses. We provide them food and shelter, there is no longer natural selection (Richardson, 2008). Humans took horses from their environment in which they had evolved, and managed them under convenient conditions for us (Waran, 2007) These days the Fell pony is used by man for showing, riding and driving. The Fell pony society regularly holds performance trials where the horse tackles different terrains such as boggy paths and water crossing. These horses are smart and need to be kept active (The Fell pony society, 2009). Gene flow and polygenic inheritance of traits Not all Fell ponies are black. There are also brown, bay and grey ponies. Black didnt become the main colour until the end of 20th century, before this time dark bay was just as common as the black ponies (Fell Pony Museum, 2010). The two subspecies of wild horses are the Tarpan and Przewalskis horse. During domestication mares were crossed with stallions that had more desirable characteristics. It is assumed that mares from different regions were varied in morphology because of the adaptation to their environmental conditions. Gene flow (migration) is the main reason for lack of phylogeographic structure. As horses are so active migration levels are high. Two wild horses were found to have identical haplotypes from the Pleistocene era, one from Germany and the other Siberia (Kavar, 2008) The colour of a horse is built on a base of two colours only, black- E and chestnut e. The colour of a horse is controlled by genes at 12 different loci (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). The two genetic loci: Extension and Agouti control the black or chestnut colour of a horse (Sponenberg, 2003). Black is dominant over chestnut, and chestnut is therefore recessive. A horse that carries 2 black genes EE will be homozygous- black, a horse that carries one black gene and one chestnut gene Ee will also be black however it will be heterozygous, and finally a horse that carries two chestnut genes ee will always be homozygous, chestnut. If two heterozygous black horses are bred together Ee+Ee there will be a 1 in 4 chance of producing a black homozygous EE , 2 out of 4 chances of a black heterozygous Ee and a 1 in 4 chance of a chestnut being produced (Wellman, 2009). See table 1. Polygenic inheritance is seen in a variety of colour patterns in horses, such a shade and mane and tail colour. These might be due to influence of multiple genes (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). Gene mapping has been used to assign numerous coat colour traits and disorders that are inherited to the horse chromosome. Molecular genetic studies for coat colour in horses have helped identify the genes and mutations which are responsible for coat colour variation. Microsatellite markers that linked to the trait were also found (Thiruvenkadan, 2008). Microsatellite loci tests across horse population showed that the highest observed heterozygosity of 0.0782 and highest diversity of 0.779 was the Fell pony, the lowest was in the Friesian horse (Luis, 2007). Microsatellites show high allelic diversity and are used to calculate genetic distance between the breeds (Mills, 2005). Any horse breed existing today is an expression of the history of genetic drift and selection. The genotype for a breed will contain genes and combinations which code for specific characteristics, (such as good temperament and intelligence in Fells (Simper, 2003)). Foal Pony Syndrome Mutations that occur in a gene make it defective or somewhat unusual (Guttman et al 2002). This is seen as a deleterious gene in the Fell pony. In the early 80s it became aware that new born foals were dying from an unknown disease which couldnt be cured by traditional medicines. After post-mortem examinations the conclusion came that is was most likely something of genetic origin (Brunt 2000). Fell pony foals get a condition called immunodeficiency disorder (Fell pony syndrome). Plate 1 shows a foal with the syndrome. It affects foals less than 3 years of age. Both sexes get it; the signs are diarrhoea, pneumonia, lymphopenia, ulcers on tongue, a curly coat which is unusually long and death (Higgins, 2006). Blood samples from the foals revealed that there is a low red blood cell count, low lymphocyte count and a high white cell count. A diagnosis can be made from a bone marrow sample taken from the breastbone. The syndrome causes severe anaemia, impaired immunity and is fatal with the foals usually being put down or dying by the age of 3-4 months. As the syndrome is only known in the Fell pony breed it is assumed that its of genetic origin (Thomas, 2000).Foals usually fall ill around 4 weeks of age. This condition is possibly caused by an autosomal recessive deleterious gene which is inherited (Higgins, 2006) Due to the Fells small gene pool this syndrome is increasing at an alarming rate, as it is estimated that only 5000-6000 ponies are left worldwide. Selective breeding is better than the elimination of carriers when breeding to avoid a syndrome foal. If the syndrome is proved to be of genetic cause and the carriers can be found then they shouldnt eliminate the carrier ponies from the breeding stock as narrowing the small gene pool any further would have a devastating effect to the breed (Thomas, 2000). The level of FPS in the Fell pony population may be due to the history of the breed as after the Second World War there was a huge fall in numbers. This resulted in genetic bottleneck (Horse Trust, 2008). It is likely that two- thirds of the Fell pony population is a carrier, and 10-20% of foals a year are syndrome foals. No affected foals have been known to survive (Thomas, 2000). The stem cells in bone marrow are generally missing in the syndrome foals. The bone marrow matrix might be failing to produce the stem cells and be deficient (Millard, 2000).The most likely cause of the syndrome beginning is thought to have been inbreeding/line breeding in the 1960s (Plate 2). The original carrier stallion isnt known but there is one heavily used stallion in the 1950s that is noticed in the pedigree of each known syndrome foal (Thomas, 2000) The only way of getting rid of this genetic problem is with carefully managed breeding. Genetic disorders are common and the management of breeding has been seen in other animal breeds which have worked successfully for them (Brunt, 2000). The Fell pony society is performing constant genetic tests to try and eliminate the syndrome from the breed. The breeders are working with the society to preserve the Fell pony breed. Carries can still be bred to a test clear pony; this will stop the loss of desirable breed traits. The foals can be DNA tested to see whether they are a carrier or not. A veterinarian can collect samples and have them sent to a genetic lab to determine whether they are a carrier of the deleterious gene or not (Animal health trust, N.D)